Coenen

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**__ Jake Coenen's Theorists WIKI __**
 * __**Table of Contents**__ ||
 * Theorists ||
 * * **Lev Vygotsky** ||
 * * **Erik Erikson** ||
 * * **Lawrence Kohlberg** ||
 * * **Abraham Maslow** ||
 * * **Jerome Bruner** ||
 * * **B.F. Skinner** ||
 * * **Ivan Pavlov** ||
 * * **John Locke** ||


 * **Lev Vygotsky [[image:hameister-theorists/Image5.gif width="64" height="93"]]**

Born in Western Russia in 1896, Lev Vygotsky graduated from Moscow University with a law degree. He soon after began teaching in Russia. In 1925 Vygotsky began his first big project with his Psychology of Art. After, he began to work on what would become known as the Vygotskian approach to psychology. Vygotsky died in 1934 of tuberculosis however his works were not revealed until after the Cold War. Vygotsky was known for his sociocultural theory. His theory suggested that a child’s thought changes in a continuous step-by-step manner. These changes occur due to social interactions. This is explanation for the variance in children’s thinking from culture to culture. Vygotsky’s theory can be broken down into four main principles. The principle that children construct their own knowledge is important because this is primarily how they learn. A child will create schemes based on the way they perceive information. In the classroom, Vygotsky’s theories can easily be put to use. When teachers understand Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, it makes understanding their students much easier. Because all students come from different backgrounds, they all learn differently. Teachers need to use different methods of teaching the same thing to make sure that they reach all of the students. [] This website was helpful because it gave a full description of Vygotsky’s life. It also provided his theory and how it was developed. [] This website provided a full description of Vygotsky’s theories. It was especially helpful because it highlighted the main points in his theories. [] This website bullet-pointed Vygotsky’s life along with his theories. It was helpful to see the main points of his life and theories. ||
 * **Erik Erikson**

In 1902 Erik Erikson was born in Frankfort, Germany. There he studied art along with traveling around the world. He did not like the idea of formal school so instead chose to travel around Europe and keep memory of his experiences in a diary. After teaching in Vienna, Erikson came to America in 1933 where he became a child analyst at Harvard Medical School. He would eventually end up in San Francisco, California where he was a clinician and psychiatric consultant. Erikson’s theory differs from that of Vygotsky’s in that he believed humans developed throughout their lifespan. This led Erikson to develop eight psychosocial stages that people progress through. The first stage is known as trust vs. mistrust. This is when infants create a feeling of trustfulness. The second stage is known as autonomy vs. shame and doubt. This stage is when a child develops a sense of self-control without self-esteem. The third stage is called initiative vs. guilt and is when the child finds out what kind of person he/she is going to be. The fourth stage is when the child enters a larger world of knowledge and work and is called industry vs. inferiority. A fifth stage is encountered when identity becomes a concern. This stage is known as identity vs. identity confusion. The sixth stage is known as intimacy vs. isolation. This is when intimacy with other people occurs. The seventh stage is known as generativity vs. stagnation and the eighth and final is known as integrity vs. despair. Erikson’s theory can be seen in the classroom as teachers understand what stages their students are in. if teachers are able to identify what stages they are in, they will be able to relate more to what the students are going through during thinking processes among other things. If teachers can not relate and recognize the thinking processes of their students, teaching them will be much more difficult. [] This website was helpful because it gave a full description on Erikson’s life. Along with that, the website gave insight as to how the theory was developed. [] This website bullet-pointed Vygotsky’s life along with his theories. It was helpful to see the main points of his life and theories. [] This website was helpful because it described Erikson’s early career. It also described his theory and how it was developed and used. || media type="youtube" key="bdPPXGadRAU" height="360" width="480"
 * **Lawrence Kohlberg**

Born in New York in 1927, Lawrence Kohlberg dedicated his life to researching how an individual develops their own moral codes. Kohlberg applied Jean Piaget’s developmental approach to his psychology. He received a secondary education from Phillips Academy in Massachusetts. He passed away in 1973 and it is believed the cause of death was suicide. Expanding upon Jean Piaget’s work, Lawrence Kohlberg created a theory of moral development. His theory consisted of six stages divided into three different levels. Stage 1 is called obedience and punishment and is when children see rules as fixed and absolute. The second stage is called individualism and exchange and is when children makes decisions based on individual views. Stage 3 is known as interpersonal relationships. This is when children try to live up to social expectations. The fourth stage is maintaining social order and is when people begin to see society as a whole. Stage 5 is social contract and individual rights and involves people accounting for the values and beliefs of other people. The last stage is when people reason based on universal ethical principles and abstract reasoning. Kohlberg’s theory can be applied in the classroom as students move through each of the stages of moral development. As students progress, moral development can be tracked and noted for deficiencies. If students are not on track they can be helped. By learning about the student’s moral development, teachers can help to understand their students, making their teaching and lessons more effective.

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This website was helpful because it described Kohlberg’s theory. It was also helpful because it gave insight as to how it was derived.

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This website was helpful because it described Kohlberg’s life from birth to death. It also gave a list of his significant works.

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This website was helpful because it described Kohlberg’s life. It also described the stages of his moral development theory.

**Abraham Maslow**

Born in April, 1908 in Brooklyn, New York, Abraham Maslow was one of seven children. As a child, Maslow did not have friends and found his comfort in books. At the will of his parents, he studied law at the City College of New York before marrying his first cousin. He and his wife eventually moved to Wisconsin and attended the University of Wisconsin. He received a PhD in psychology in 1934 and then returned to New York. In 1970, while living in California, Abraham Maslow died of a heart attack. While working with monkeys early in his career, Maslow took note that some needs took precedence over others. For example, according to Maslow, if a person is thirsty and hungry they are more likely to take care of the thirst first. With this idea, Maslow created the “hierarchy of needs.” These needs, in order, are: physiological needs, safety and security, love and belonging, esteem needs, and self-actualization. These needs are coupled with homeostasis. This means that when these needs are not met, homeostasis takes over and makes sure that we do what we need to make sure the need is met. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs can also be applied in the classroom. It can be applied in the form of self-actualization. Self-actualization is the ultimate goal in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. It means becoming “all that one can be.” This of course, is the goal of teachers on their students. Teachers strive to help their students reach their full potential and to reach the best that they can be. This can only be done when all of the subsequent needs are met.

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This website was helpful because it provided a full description of Maslow’s life. It also gave greatly detailed descriptions of his theory along with diagrams.

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This website was helpful because it gave insight as to how this theory can be applied to the classroom. It was also helpful because it mentioned how this can be done.

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This website was helpful because it also gave a great description of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. It was also helpful because it gave a history and how it was derived. ||
 * **Jerome Bruner**

Jerome Bruner was born and raised in New York. He ultimately went on to attend Duke University and later Harvard. Here, Bruner obtained a PhD in 1941. During World War II, he worked as a social psychologist in which he studied public opinion and social attitude toward U.S. Army intelligence. With his PhD, Bruner became a professor of psychology. Here he worked with Leo Postman. The two would begin to study the ways in which needs, motivation, and expectations influence perception. Jerome Bruner believed that learning was not just about studying concepts and procedures. Bruner theorized that learning was also about the ability for a student to invent these themselves. In other words, the goal of education is not only to teach students, but to get the students to understand how to become autonomous learners. This means that the students are able to teach themselves about things in life. He is often quoted for saying students should “learn how to learn.” Bruner’s theory can be applied in the classroom by teaching students how become independent thinkers. Up until now, when students have questions, they simply ask their teacher. However, this will not always be the case. Students will need to be able to go out and search for answers and learn on their own. By teaching students how to become independent learners, they will become able to find answers for themselves, ultimately preparing them for what lies ahead of them in life.

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This website was helpful because it provided a biography of Jerome Bruner. It was also helpful because it had a section which detailed Bruner’s life and theories.

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This website was helpful because it gave Bruner’s theory and explained it very nicely. It was also helpful because it explained its importance.

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This website was helpful because it gave a more detailed description of Jerome Bruner’s life. It also gave insight as to how Bruner’s theories came to be. ||
 * **B.F. Skinner**

B. F. Skinner was born March 20, 1904 in Pennsylvania. In 1926 Skinner received B.A. in English literature from Hamilton College. He the next few years as a struggling writer before reading the works of Watson and Pavlov. After this inspiration, Skinner enrolled in the graduate psychology program at Harvard University. This would lead Skinner to become the head of psychology at the University of Indiana. He would later take over the role of psychology chair at Harvard where he would remain until his death in August, 1990. B.F. Skinner became a very instrumental member in the study of behaviorism. He is most famous for his development of the “Skinner Box.” This was a box in which a rat learned to obtain food by pushing a lever. This led to Skinner’s work with operant conditioning. Skinner discovered that through conditioning, the rat began to realize every time he pushed the lever he would receive food. He also did work with schedules of reinforcement. These schedules are designed to designate when a reward is given for desirable behavior. Skinner’s theories can be applied to the classroom when trying to reinforce desirable behavior. Students may receive items such a coupons or tokens that are good to redeem for pencils or erasers. This is an example of conditioning along with a token economy. Because the students will want to receive the coupons, they will act in an appropriate classroom manner. This also works with undesirable behavior. When students receive a punishment for poor behavior, they are less likely to become repeat offenders.

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This website was helpful because it gave a description of Skinner’s life. It also gave insight to his inspirations behind his work.

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This website was helpful because it provided more on Skinner’s biography. It was very detailed which made it more helpful.

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This website was helpful because it provided an in-depth description of Skinner’s biography. It also provided a well written description into Skinner’s theories. ||
 * **Ivan Pavlov**

Born on September 14th, 1849 in Ryazan, Russia. His father was a village priest. Like other children in the town, he regularly went to church and was later enrolled in a theological seminary. After reading the works of Charles Darwin Russian physiologist I. M. Sechenov Pavlov decided to abandon his theological studies and took a serious interest in science. This led him to the University of St. Petersburg where he enrolled in the Natural Science program. Pavlov soon realized his love psychology and physiology. Pavlov published his first paper entitled //The Physiology of Pancreatic Nerves.// He was awarded a gold medal for his work. He would later go on to win the Nobel Prize for his work entitled //The Centrifugal Nerves of the Heart.// However, Pavlov is most recognized for his work most calls “Pavlov’s Dog.” This experiment led him to the discovery of conditioned responses. Pavlov noticed that whenever he brought a dog food, his mouth would start salivating. He soon began to ring a bell whenever he would bring the dog food. Soon, Pavlov would only ring the bell without food and the dog would immediately begin salivating. His development of classical condition, conditioned and unconditioned responses and stimuli’s is nothing short of profound. In the classroom, Pavlov’s theory can be seen in the systems of rewards and consequences. When students receive rewards for good deeds, they get a good feeling about themselves. Students will remember this good feeling and know what when they do good things, they receive rewards. Therefore, according to Pavlov, the students will perform more good deeds because of the conditioning. The same goes for consequences. The students who receive consequences for bad behavior will, or at least should, feel bad and remember that feeling. That way, every time they are tempted to do something they shouldn’t, they will remember that feeling and be conditioned to do otherwise.

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This website was helpful because it gave great insight into Pavlov’s life and education. It was also helpful in explaining his previous works and projects.

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This website was helpful because it gave good information on Pavlov’s works as a scientist. It also gave a great deal of information on “Pavlov’s Dog.”

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This website was helpful because it gave a lot of information on the biography of Pavlov. This website also helped to describe some of Pavlov’s experiments. ||
 * **John Locke**

John Locke was born on August 29th, 1632. He is often regarded as the “Father of Liberalism.” He had a great influence in the age of Enlightenment as an English philosopher and physician. Greatly influence by Sir Francis Bacon, Locke was very important in the social contract theory. Locke’s work is said to have great influence on epistemology and political philosophy. He also had an impact on the declaration of independence with his theories on classical republicanism and liberal theory. John Locke’s theory of //tabula rasa// is most likely his most famous. //Tabula rasa// is Latin for Locke’s theory entitled “blank slate.” Locke’s theory was based on the belief that knowledge is gained through experienced. He believed that humans are born with a “blank slate,” meaning we are born with nothing. He refuted the theory of world renowned scientist Renè Descartes who believed ideas and thoughts could be created or inspired by the soul. Lock was also very influential with his theories of democracy. The theory of John Lock can be seen in the classroom as the basic principle of molding the minds of students. According to Locke students cannot create ideas or thoughts out of nothing. Therefore, teachers are the true molders of the students mind. Also, Locke’s theories of democracy play an important role in the classroom. The role of democracy is important so that the classroom has order. Students who understand the process of democracy, of a give and take classroom, are generally much more interested in class activities. This is very helpful in the aspect of classroom management.

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This website was helpful in reading about the biography of John Locke. It was also helpful in reading about his works and various projects.

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This website was helpful in giving insight about the theories of Locke. It also gave helpful information in how Locke discovered and created his theories.

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This website was helpful because it gave great insight into the biography of John Locke. It also gave a lot of helpful information on Locke’s theories. ||