Ziegelbauer

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= [|Piaget] = Jean Piaget was born on August 9, 1896 in Neuchâtel Switzerland. .After he graduated from high school he studied natural science at the University of Neuchâtel and received his Ph.D. Piaget’s father was a professor of medieval literature which inspired Piaget to write. Before becoming a theorist of cognitive learning Piaget was actually researching mollusc. By the time Piaget was 21 he had published twenty scientific papers on the research that he found. Before long, he was working for Alfred Binet, and refining Burt’s reasoning test. During his time working at Binet’s lab, he studied the way that children reasoned. After two years of working with children Piaget then realized that he wanted to study the development of children. He noticed that younger children answered questions very differently than that of older children. This suggested to him that younger children were not less knowledgeable, but gave different answers because they thought differently. Piaget’s theory is based on stages that represent different types of thinking. Children in stage one cannot think the same as children in stage 2, 3 or 4 etc. Transitions from one stage to another are generally very fast, and the stages always follow an invariant sequence. One thing that is important about Piaget’s stages of theory is that they are universal, so that the stages will work for everyone in the world no matter the difference.Piaget’s first stage is sensori-motor (birth –2 years old), then pre-operational (2 – 7 years old), next concrete operational (7 – 11 years old) and finally there is formal operational stage ( 11 years and up ). Piaget said, //“//[|//We recall how, starting with purely practical and quasi-physiological groups, the child begins by elaborating subjective groups, then arrives at objective groups, and only then becomes capable of representative groups.”//]This is a famous quote that Piaget would say that talks about the cognitive development of children. allowing him or her to make increasingly effective adaptations. A brief summary of Piaget's four stages of cognitive development appears in Table 1.  
 * **Name: Danielle Ziegelbauer**
 * Date: Due April 26,2012** ||
 * Background: **
 * Theory: **
 * || **TABLE 1** || **Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development** ||


 * //Stage// || //Age// || //Characteristics of Stage// ||
 * Sensorimotor || 0–2 || The child learns by doing: looking, touching, sucking. The child also has a primitive understanding of cause-and-effect relationships. Object permanence appears around 9 months. ||
 * Preoperational || 2–7 || The child uses language and symbols, including letters and numbers. Egocentrism is also evident. Conservation marks the end of the preoperational stage and the beginning of concrete operations. ||
 * Concrete Operations || 7–11 || The child demonstrates conservation, reversibility, serial ordering, and a mature understanding of cause-and-effect relationships. Thinking at this stage is still concrete. ||
 * Formal Operations || 

12+ || The individual demonstrates abstract thinking, including logic, deductive reasoning, comparison, and classification. ||  || I believe that knowing the stages that Piaget has developed will help teachers to learn how children develop cognitively. Some examples of ways to help cognitive learning:
 * Classroom Application **
 * Take test to see how children learn the best
 * Teach in ways that better helps the class to learn.
 * Look for some of the warning signs that the students or children are not at the correct level that they should be at. Called a red flag!

Website Review []. This website was helpful because it showed different quotes that Piaget would say either to people or in his writings. I thought it would be neat to put a real quote that he said into my parent to make it more personal for people and so that they can get a feel on how Piaget was when he was still alive. [] This website was also helpful because it talked a lot about the stages that Piaget developed. It was nice to be able to have all of the information about Piaget’s theory and what each step actually was about. It was definitely a good website to look at it had so much valuable information. [] This site was great when I was talking about Piaget’s background. It had a lot of information about his past and his lifetime before becoming a theorist. =[|Vygotsky]=

Background: Lev Vygotsky was born in 1896 in Orsha, Belarus. Vygotsky's father was a banking executive, and his mother was a teacher and the mother of eight. Vygotsky was tutored privately by Solomon Ashpiz and graduated from Moscow State University in 1917. From 1917 until 1924, Vygotsky taught literature at a secondary school and psychology at the local teacher's college. Later, he attended the Institute of Psychology in Moscow (1924–34), where he worked hard on ideas about cognitive development. He mostly worked on the relationship between language and thinking. His writings talked about the roles of historical, cultural, and social factors in cognition and argued that language was the most important symbolic tool provided by society. Vygotsky died of tuberculosis in 1934 at the age of 38, leaving lots of ideas that are still being explored today. Theory: Vygotsky believed children’s thinking is affected by their knowledge of the social community. He also suggested that language is the most important tool for gaining this social knowledge; the child can be taught this from other people by using language. Vygotsky used intelligence as “the capacity to learn from instruction”, which put great deal on the fact that there is a requirement for a more knowledgeable other person or ‘teacher’. He described something known as the zone of proximal development (ZPD), which is a key feature of his theory. There are two levels of attainment for the ZPD: Level 1 – the ‘present level of development’. This describes what the child is capable of doing without any help from others. Level 2 – the ‘potential level of development’. This means what the child could potentially be capable of with help from other people or ‘teachers’. The gap between level 1 and 2 (the present and potential development) is what Vygotsky described as this zone of proximal development. He believed that through help from other, more knowledgeable people, the child can potentially gain knowledge already held by them. However, the knowledge must be appropriate for the child’s level of comprehension. When a child attains their potential, this shift occurs and the child can continue learning more difficult material. Classroom Application I believe that knowing the levels that Vygotsky believed will help teachers in the classroom to understand how children’s brains can hold a lot of potential it’s the teacher’s job to help show that child that they have the potential that everyone knows they have. Here are some examples of what teachers could do to help show the potential.
 * Challenge the child
 * Encourage them and show them that they can really do the work that is given to them.
 * Show them potential without telling them what you are going to do
 * Make it a game
 * Use harder material

Website Reviews [] This website was extremely helpful to understand Vygotskys’ theory and what he thought and why he thought children developed cognitively the way that they did. It was great information to have and it was easy to understand. [] This site was also helpful because it give some information on Vygotskys background. It talked about where he went to school and how he started to become a theorist. It was easy information to understand and it was a great source to use. []. This website was great! It presented great knowledge of Vygotsky and it talked a lot about his past. I liked how it included his parents in the biography and it talked about his schooling a lot which made me think that schooling was important to him. Overall, great site to use for this project. =Howard Gardner= Background: Howard Gardner was born on July 11, 1943 in Scranton, Pennsylvania. He is a psychologist who is based at Harvard Graduate School of Education. He is best known for his theory of multiple intelligences. In 1981, he was awarded a MacArthur Prize Fellowship. He has received honorary degrees from 26 colleges and universities, including institutions in Bulgaria, Chile, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Italy, and South Korea. In 2005 and again in 2008, he was selected by Foreign Policy and Prospect magazines as one of the 100 most influential public intellectuals in the world. Most recently, he was bestowed with the 2011 Prince of Asturias Award in Social Sciences, which aims "to reward the scientific, technical, cultural, social and humanistic work." Gardner, the author of 25 books translated his books into 28 different languages, and several hundred articles. Gardner is best known in educational circles for his theory of multiple intelligences, a critique of the notion that there exists but a single human intelligence that can be used to assess the way that people learn best. Theory: Gardner first laid out the theory of multiple intelligence in his book, //Frames of Mind//. Gardner's thinks is that pencil and paper IQ tests do not capture the full effect of human intelligences, and that we all have individual profiles of strengths and weaknesses across multiple intelligence dimensions. Gardner defines “intelligence as the capacity to solve problems or to fashion products that are valued in one or more cultural settings.” Multiple Intelligences initially consisted of seven dimensions of intelligence (Visual/Spatial Intelligence, Musical Intelligence, Verbal/Linguistic Intelligence, Logical/Mathematical Intelligence, Interpersonal Intelligence, Intrapersonal Intelligence, and Bodily/Kinesthetic Intelligence). When Gardner’s book came out he made a eighth intelligence. This time it was called Naturalistic Intelligence. Classroom Application: Garners Multiple intelligence theory can be used throughout classrooms. This could really help the way that children are taught and how they learn. Here are some examples how this Gardner’s theory can help in the classroom.
 * Help see the way children learn best
 * Teachers can change teaching techniques to help the students better learn and understand
 * Gives a better idea on what the students are like

Website Review [] This site was helpful in a way that none of the other sites really were. This site did a nice job in describing how Gardner started his theories and it talked a little bit about his background. [] This site was helpful to learn about the book that Howard Gardner wrote. It gave a lot of information about the way he wrote the book and how he came up with all of the intelligences that are now in the multiple intelligences tests. [] This site talked a lot about Gardner’s background. It talked about his schooling and the awards that he has been given since having the multiple intelligence theory. It was a great site to get information about his past and about his life in general, it was a great site to read.

= Maria Montessori = Background: On August 31, 1870, Maria Montessori was born in Chiaravalle, Italy. Her father, Allessandro Montessori was a retired army officer. Her mother, Renilde Stoppani Montessori, was an intelligent, modern-thinking woman from a wealthy family. Maria's mother taught her how to be compassionate by giving her the task of knitting for the poor every day. Much later, as a teacher, Montessori used the same work she did as a child within her teaching. She would call this "exercises of practical life." As an elementary school student Montessori blossomed. She found the classroom set-up and repetitions very boring, yet she learned. When it came time to leave elementary school she had to ask her parents if she could continue. Women in her time were not encouraged to get more than an elementary school education. Montessori's father discouraged her interest in a professional career. With the encouragement and support of her mother, however, she prepared herself for her later career. When she was twelve, the family moved to Rome, Italy, to take advantage of the better educational schools. An interest in engineering technology and mathematics led her to enroll in classes at a technical school at the age of fourteen. Later an interest in biology led to her decision to study medicine. In 1894 Montessori became the first woman to receive a medical degree in Italy. Theory: In 1906 the Italian government put Montessori in charge of a state-supported school in the San Lorenzo quarter of Rome, which had sixty children, aged three to six, from poverty-stricken families. By this time her early successes with learning disabled children suggested to her the idea of trying the same educational methods with normal children. She used what she termed a "prepared environment" to provide an atmosphere for learning—that is, small chairs and tables instead of rows of desks. The basic features of the method are development of the child's natural curiosity through responsible and individual freedom of behavior, improvement of the sharpness of the five senses (hearing, seeing, tasting, touching, smelling) through training, and development of body coordination through games and exercise. The function of the teacher is to provide educational material, such as counting beads or geometric puzzles, and act as an adviser and guide, staying as much as possible in the background. Montessori's view of the nature of the child, on which the Montessori method is based, is that children go through a series of "sensitive periods" with "creative moments," when they show spur-of-the-moment interest in learning. It is then that the children have the greatest ability to learn, and these periods should be utilized to the fullest so that the children learn as much as possible. They should not be held back by forced, rigid curricula (plans of study) or classes. Work, she believed, is its own reward to the child, and there is no necessity for other rewards. Self-discipline (controlling oneself) emerges out of the freedom of the learning environment. Montessori's method was basically at odds with other major twentieth-century trends. Thus it was used only by a relatively few private schools.

Classroom Application: Montessori’s methods can be used in public schools today. Here are some ways that her methods could be used effectively.
 * Gives children encouragement to want to do work and to take pride in the work that they have accomplished.
 * Gives students more freedom in class to do their work on their own
 * Helps students to learn as much as they can without being held back from using their potential.

Website Reviews [] This was the best website that I used. It had great information and it talked about Maria’s lifetime, but also about her career. All of the information was so interesting to me.

[] This website also gave good information on Maria’s background. It talked about her schooling and what her parents thought about her going to school as women. It was great information about her life and the time period that she was going to school in.

[] This site was helpful when it came time to talk about Maria’s theory of education. It gave great information on how her theory works and what it’s about. =media type="youtube" key="G5ZP9sQj-x0" height="315" width="420" = =Noam Chomsky = = = Background: Noam Chomsky was born on December 7, 1928 In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of William Chomsky, a [|Russian] immigrant, and Elsie Simonofsky Chomsky. His parents both practiced Judaism. His father taught [|Hebrew], and published a scholarly edition of a medieval Hebrew grammar. He received his education at the [|University of Pennsylvania] where he studied linguistics, mathematics, and philosophy, and eventually earned his [|Ph. D.] in 1955. Since then, he has taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He recently held the Ferrari P. Ward Chair of Modern Language and Linguistics, and is now an Institute Professor. Later he became an extreme left-wing propagandist and genocide denier. He advocates holding America to an absolute standard of ethics in foreign relations, but has not held such a standard elsewhere. He is an institute professor & professor of [|linguistics] (Emeritus) at the [|Massachusetts Institute of Technology]. Chomsky is very critical of [|American] and [|Israeli] foreign policy, sympathizes with [|Palestinians] and has shown support for the terrorist organization [|Hezbollah] Theory: Author, linguist, and political activist, Noam Chomsky is credited with revolutionizing the field of linguistics by introducing the Chomsky hierarchy, which partitions formal grammars into classes with higher power; generative grammar, a form of syntactic analysis; and the concept of a universal grammar which underlies all human speech and is based in the amazing structure of the brain. His early criticisms of the [|Skinnerian] theories of mind, and his refutations thereof based on linguistic research, greatly undermined behaviorist psychology and showed huge advancements in the area of cognitive research. Meanwhile Chomsky's work on formal languages (as used in mathematics and logic) and on the acquisition and processing of language has greatly affected such additional fields as artificial intelligence research, computerized language translation, evolutionary psychology, and even immunology. In his 1972 book, //Language and Mind//, linguist Noam Chomsky wrote, "When we study human language, we are approaching what some might call the 'human essence,' the distinctive qualities of mind that are, so far as we know, unique to man." Essentially, Chomsky asserts that language is one of the key characteristics that separate humans from all other animals. With the hard work of psychologists and linguists, understanding of human language progresses with each discovery.

Classroom Applications: Chomsky’s theory can be placed into the classroom by talking about Language and writing. Here are some exampled on how his theory can be used within a classroom. Website Reviews [|http://www.conservapedia.com/Noam_Chomsky\] This site had some great information on the background of Noam. It talked about his parents and also about some of his views that he had with other people and with himself. [] This site talked more about Noam’s Linguistic views and some of his beliefs that he had. It had some great information that I never knew about before I read the article. [] This site had a quote from Noam’s book that really made since to me. It was a great quote that fit perfectly with his theory. It talked about the way that he thinks and it was a nice article that helped my paper.
 * Having students write about something and having peers proofread their papers.
 * Do daily sentences where the class has to find the grammatical errors.
 * Keep students reading so that they can better their vocabulary and will be better writters.

= Robert Sternberg = Background: Robert J. Sternberg was born on December 8, 1949 in New Jersey. Sternberg’s interest in studying intelligence first peaked in the sixth grade after suffering from text anxiety and failing an intelligence test. Sternberg realized that this particular score did not accurately show his intelligence, and he scored significantly higher after retaking the test in a room with students a year younger than he. In this room, Sternberg felt more confident while taking the test, thus his score was higher. Just one year later, in the seventh grade, Sternberg developed his first intelligence test: the Sternberg Test of Mental Ability. Throughout his studies, Sternberg quickly realized he learned better when he was not required to memorize information. In his first year in college at Yale, he performed so poorly in a largely rote-based Introductory Psychology course, that the professor urged Sternberg to pursue a career outside of the field of psychology. As his later performance in the psychological field shows, the //C// Sternberg received in this first course did not serve to be accurate. This then shows in his later achievements in life. Sternberg went on to earn his BA summa cum laude from Yale, and to earn the Sidney Siegel Memorial Award while pursuing his doctorate at Stanford. He returned to Yale as a member of the faculty where he continues his research today. Throughout his career, Sternberg has written many articles and books concerning the topics of intelligence, creativity and love, and has developed two major theories: the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence and Triangular Theory of Love. Theory: Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence consists of three categories of intelligence. The first category consists of analytic or componential intelligence. This category also has three subcategories. The second category is called either creative intelligence, or the experiential dimension of intelligence this one also has subcategories. The third and final portion of Sternberg's Triarchic Theory is known as the practical or contextual aspect of intelligence.Practical intelligence is the ability to do well in informal and formal educational settings; adapting to and shaping one's environment; street smarts. Experiential intelligence is the ability to deal with novel situations; the ability to effectively automate ways of dealing with novel situations so they are easily handled in the future; the ability to think in novel ways. Componential intelligence is the ability to process information effectively. This includes metacognitive, executive, performance, and knowledge-acquisition components that help to steer cognitive processes. Sternberg strongly believes that intelligence can be increased by study and practice. Some of Sternberg's work focuses specifically on "street smarts" versus "school smarts." He notes that some people are particularly talented in one of these two areas, and not in the other. This observation is consistent with the work of Lev Vygotsky (Fosnot, 1996) who argues that the type of learning that goes on outside of school is distinctly different than the type of learning that goes on in school. While some students are talented in both informal and formal education, others are much more successful in one rather than the other. Classroom Application: Sternberg’s theory can be used in many classrooms I believe. I think that his theory could be used because it’s about the way that students learn and how they are taught. Here are some examples on ways to use Sternberg’s theory in the classroom. Website Reviews [] This site was a great source of information because it talked about Sternberg’s life and what he did to become a theorist like he his today. It had a lot of his background information that I was looking for.
 * Don’t make student memorize a lot of words at one time
 * Let students take tests in rooms that they are comfortable in
 * Review the information that is being taught that way students will remember the information that is being taught.

[] This site had great information on the steps of Sternberg’s theory. It had it well organized and easy to understand. [] This site was a nice site that showed some examples of the theories that Sternberg talks about. It was easy to follow and good information that was good for my paper. = Theorist paper and Analysis =

As I was working on this paper of all different sorts of theorists I realized that they all have different theories, but many of them intertwine within each other. This then made me think that when I become a teacher a lot of the subjects that I will teach will also intertwine with each other. It’s neat to learn that no matter what is being taught it can also match with something else out in life. I want to make sure that my students realize that school may be boring and you hate being there, but what you don’t understand is that a lot of these subjects really do prepare you for your future. I thought this assignment was a fair amount of work but it was neat to learn about different theorists in depth. My favorite was learning about Maria Montessori. For some reason she just catches my attention and the assignment became fun and it didn’t feel like I was doing homework. I think it’s valuable to know what these theorists are about because it can help form who you are as a teacher, which I think is really special. This project fits in so well with the course and the text work because we focused on cognitive learning and theorists a lot throughout the semester. It connects with the brain that we learned about, the different ways that students learn and it also connects with the way we teach ourselves and how we are going to teach other students. It talks about the behavior students are going to have and how to keep their attention. There were many ways that this project connected to the text and to class discussions. When I did this assignment I learned so much about different theorists and different views on learning and teaching. For me this assignment helped me to learn different use full ways to teach students and to keep them involved in their school work. It helped me see the teacher that I want to be and how I can accomplish so many goals that I have in life.

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